• Interdependent critical infrastructures are modeled as coupled networks where failures cascade across electricity, water, transportation, and communications; research highlights how interdependencies and shared risk amplify disruptions, using network-flow, System of Systems (SoS) perspectives and interconnection analyses [1], [2], [16], [8], [10], [19].

• Resilience and protection of Systems of Systems (SoS) emphasize balancing proactive protection with adaptive response, integrating survivability principles, governance, and resilience tradeoffs to keep essential services operating under stress [5], [11], [15], [6].

• Risk assessment frameworks for complex infrastructures emphasize critical infrastructure protection (CIP) and interdependencies, focusing on infrequent large events and risk distribution beyond classical models through networked CIP analyses [7], [19], [16], [1].

• System-of-Systems engineering and interoperability governance address architectural principles, interoperability types, and joint command/control for integrated, interoperable infrastructure networks under fragmented institutional environments [15], [9], [10], [18], [6].

• Modeling and simulation approaches, including agent-based service-oriented simulation (AB-SOS) and network-based analyses, underpin infrastructure behavior analysis, restoration planning, and interdependency quantification across CIP domains [13], [20], [2], [16], [1].